{"id":6398,"date":"2026-10-21T23:05:04","date_gmt":"2026-10-21T23:05:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/condisystems.com\/?p=6398"},"modified":"2026-10-21T23:06:19","modified_gmt":"2026-10-21T23:06:19","slug":"how-to-condition-polyamide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/condisystems.com\/en\/how-to-condition-polyamide","title":{"rendered":"Proper conditioning of polyamide: procedures, moisture content and typical errors"},"content":{"rendered":"<link rel=\"stylesheet\" id=\"cs-fachartikel-symbole-inline-css\" href=\"https:\/\/condisystems.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/cs-fachartikel\/assets\/css\/fachartikel-symbole.css?ver=1.3.3.1792669350\" media=\"all\"><link rel=\"stylesheet\" id=\"cs-fachartikel-inline-css\" href=\"https:\/\/condisystems.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/cs-fachartikel\/assets\/css\/fachartikel.css?ver=1.3.3.1792669350\" media=\"all\"><article data-no-translation =\"\" class=\"cs-artikel\" lang=\"en-GB\" data-kopf=\"#header\" data-projekt=\"P-19\" data-version=\"P-19-en-v6\"><header class=\"cs-kopf\"><div class=\"cs-bahn\"><div class=\"cs-kopf__raster\"><div class=\"cs-kopf__text\"><nav class=\"cs-krume\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\" data-vorlage><ol><li><a href=\"\/en\/\">Home<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/en\/know\">Knowledge<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><p class=\"cs-kicker\" data-vorlage><a href=\"\/en\/know#kat=verfahren\">Conditioning Processes<\/a><\/p><h1 class=\"cs-titel\">How to condition polyamide: methods, moisture content and common mistakes<\/h1><p class=\"cs-unterzeile\" data-vorlage>How to define the moisture condition a PA6 or PA66 part needs, choose a process on technical grounds and verify that the part has been conditioned correctly.<\/p><ul class=\"cs-meta\" data-vorlage><li><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"8.5\"\/><path d=\"M12 7.5V12l3 2\"\/><\/svg>Approx. 20 min read<\/li><li><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M6 3.5h9l3.5 3.5v13.5H6z\"\/><path d=\"M14.5 3.5V7h4M9 11.5h6.5M9 15h6.5\"\/><\/svg><a href=\"#sources\">10 sources<\/a><\/li><li><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"4\" y=\"5.5\" width=\"16\" height=\"14.5\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M4 10h16M8.5 3.5v4M15.5 3.5v4\"\/><\/svg>Published 22 October 2026<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><figure class=\"cs-titelmotiv\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/condisystems.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/cs-fachartikel\/fragmente\/polyamid-konditionieren\/condisystems_polyamid-konditionieren_kopf_en.webp\" alt=\"Schematic cross-section of a polyamide moulding: the thin rib is shaded throughout, the thick base only near its surfaces.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" decoding=\"async\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/header><div class=\"cs-koerper\"><div class=\"cs-bahn cs-koerper__raster\"><aside class=\"cs-toc-leiste\" data-vorlage><nav class=\"cs-toc\" aria-labelledby=\"toc-titel-r\"><p class=\"cs-toc__titel\" id=\"toc-titel-r\">Contents<\/p><ol><li><a href=\"#what-happens-during-conditioning\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span>What happens during conditioning<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#which-moisture-content-is-right\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span>Which moisture content is right<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#how-moisture-is-distributed-in-the-part\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span>How moisture is distributed in the part<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#which-conditioning-processes-exist\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span>Which conditioning processes exist<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#how-to-design-a-conditioning-process\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span>How to design a conditioning process<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#common-mistakes-in-conditioning-polyamide\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">06<\/span><span>Common mistakes in conditioning polyamide<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#how-to-verify-successful-conditioning\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">07<\/span><span>How to verify successful conditioning<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#conclusion\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Conclusion<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Frequently asked questions<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#sources\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Sources<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"cs-toc__zusatz\">Questions about your part?<br><a href=\"\/en\/enquire-now\">Send an enquiry<\/a><\/p><\/nav><\/aside><div class=\"cs-fluss\" id=\"artikel-text\"><p class=\"cs-einstieg\">Consider an illustrative case. A PA6 part has run through the specified programme in the conditioning system. The chamber held its temperature and humidity, and the balance shows the expected gain in mass. Yet a snap-fit hook breaks during assembly. All the readings may be correct and still fail to describe what mattered at that spot: they do not tell you whether the hook was too dry or whether geometry or processing is to blame.<\/p><p>Conditioning polyamide correctly means bringing a part to a moisture condition in which it meets the requirements of its application \u2014 and demonstrating that it does. PA6 and PA66 are hygroscopic: they take up water from their surroundings. The water settles in the disordered regions of the material and acts there as a plasticiser. For PA6 it has been shown that the part becomes tougher but less stiff and less strong, and that it swells; how strongly depends on the grade. By contrast, freshly moulded parts \u2014 described as \u201cdry as moulded\u201d (DAM) in manufacturers\u2019 literature \u2014 contain little water.<\/p><p>Which condition is right therefore does not follow from the material alone. A clip needs enough flexibility to deflect, a bearing seat needs dimensional stability, a housing needs stiffness \u2014 often all at once, at different points on the same part. Neither a particular percentage nor a particular process time proves on its own that this condition has been reached: a percentage is ambiguous without a reference basis and a sampling location, and a process time describes what the equipment did, not the condition the part actually reached.<\/p><p>This guide shows how the requirements of a part are turned into a testable specification, a justified choice of process and a robust production process.<\/p><aside class=\"cs-blick cs-breit\" aria-labelledby=\"blick-titel\"><p class=\"cs-blick__titel\" id=\"blick-titel\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M5 7h14M5 12h14M5 17h9\"\/><\/svg>At a glance<\/p><ul class=\"cs-blick__liste\"><li><strong>Conditioning is controlled moisture uptake after moulding<\/strong> \u2014 the opposite of drying the granules before processing.<\/li><li><strong>No single moisture value is right for every PA6 or PA66 part.<\/strong> The material specification and the part requirements decide.<\/li><li><strong>During conditioning, the moisture condition can vary considerably within a part.<\/strong> A value measured for the whole part does not reveal the local distribution.<\/li><li><strong>Whether a part is correctly conditioned is shown by a suitable test on the part<\/strong> \u2014 not by the equipment display alone.<\/li><\/ul><\/aside><details class=\"cs-toc-inline\" data-vorlage><summary><span>Contents <span class=\"cs-toc-inline__zahl\">\u00b7 10 sections<\/span><\/span><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/summary><nav class=\"cs-toc\" aria-label=\"Table of contents\"><ol><li><a href=\"#what-happens-during-conditioning\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span>What happens during conditioning<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#which-moisture-content-is-right\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span>Which moisture content is right<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#how-moisture-is-distributed-in-the-part\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span>How moisture is distributed in the part<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#which-conditioning-processes-exist\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span>Which conditioning processes exist<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#how-to-design-a-conditioning-process\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span>How to design a conditioning process<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#common-mistakes-in-conditioning-polyamide\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">06<\/span><span>Common mistakes in conditioning polyamide<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#how-to-verify-successful-conditioning\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">07<\/span><span>How to verify successful conditioning<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#conclusion\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Conclusion<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Frequently asked questions<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#sources\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Sources<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><\/details><section class=\"cs-kapitel\" aria-labelledby=\"what-happens-during-conditioning\"><div class=\"cs-kapitel__kopf\"><span class=\"cs-kapitel__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>01<\/span><h2 class=\"cs-h2\" id=\"what-happens-during-conditioning\">What happens during conditioning: water changes the toughness, stiffness and dimensions of polyamide<\/h2><\/div><p>Polyamides carry amide groups along their molecular chains. These groups form hydrogen bonds \u2014 weak links that hold neighbouring chains together. Water molecules attach to the amide groups, push the chains further apart and make them more mobile. This happens in the amorphous, or disordered, regions of the semi-crystalline material, which is where the absorbed water resides.<\/p><p>The result is plasticisation. The glass transition temperature of the amorphous regions \u2014 the temperature range in which they change from rigid and glassy to more mobile and rubbery \u2014 falls markedly as the water content rises. That changes how the part behaves at its service temperature. For the PA6 studied, lower stiffness and strength, higher toughness and swelling have been demonstrated; manufacturer information describes increasing toughness and swelling for its polyamide grades as well, including PA66.<\/p><figure class=\"cs-abb cs-breit\" id=\"abb-1\" data-grafikversion=\"P-19-V-01-d2\"><div class=\"cs-abb__flaeche\" data-bleed><svg class=\"cs-g g-kompakt\" viewbox=\"0 0 380 944\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"v01ken-t v01ken-d\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><title id=\"v01ken-t\">Schematic: water enters the amorphous regions of polyamide; in PA6, stiffness falls while toughness and dimensions increase<\/title><desc id=\"v01ken-d\">Left: a section of material with crystalline bands and amorphous regions in between, where water is taken up. Centre: plasticisation of the amorphous regions, glass transition falls. Right: stiffness and strength decrease, toughness and dimensions increase. Bottom: water uptake is reversible.<\/desc><defs><marker id=\"v01ken-pf\" viewbox=\"0 0 10 10\" refx=\"8.5\" refy=\"5\" markerwidth=\"10\" markerheight=\"10\" markerunits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" orient=\"auto-start-reverse\"><path d=\"M0,0.8 L10,5 L0,9.2 z\" fill=\"#6E7B8F\"\/><\/marker><marker id=\"v01ken-pb\" viewbox=\"0 0 10 10\" refx=\"8.5\" refy=\"5\" markerwidth=\"10\" markerheight=\"10\" markerunits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" orient=\"auto-start-reverse\"><path d=\"M0,0.8 L10,5 L0,9.2 z\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><\/marker><\/defs><text x=\"20\" y=\"28\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">In the material<\/text><text x=\"20\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">Water from the surroundings<\/text><rect x=\"64\" y=\"70\" width=\"296\" height=\"200\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><line x1=\"80\" y1=\"86\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"86\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"80\" y1=\"92\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"92\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"80\" y1=\"98\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"98\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"80\" y1=\"104\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"104\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"80\" y1=\"146\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"146\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"80\" y1=\"152\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"152\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"80\" y1=\"158\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"158\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"80\" y1=\"164\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"164\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"80\" y1=\"206\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"206\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"80\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"212\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"80\" y1=\"218\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"218\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"80\" y1=\"224\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"224\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M80,121 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8E9AAB\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M80,133 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8E9AAB\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M80,181 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8E9AAB\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M80,193 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8E9AAB\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M80,241 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8E9AAB\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M80,257 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8E9AAB\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"111.7\" cy=\"125\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"164.5\" cy=\"129\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"217.3\" cy=\"125\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"270.1\" cy=\"129\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"317.6\" cy=\"125\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"111.7\" cy=\"185\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"164.5\" cy=\"189\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"217.3\" cy=\"185\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"270.1\" cy=\"189\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"317.6\" cy=\"185\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"111.7\" cy=\"245\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"164.5\" cy=\"253\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"217.3\" cy=\"245\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"270.1\" cy=\"253\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"317.6\" cy=\"245\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"14\" cy=\"127\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><line x1=\"22\" y1=\"127\" x2=\"58\" y2=\"127\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ken-pf)\"\/><circle cx=\"14\" cy=\"187\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><line x1=\"22\" y1=\"187\" x2=\"58\" y2=\"187\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ken-pf)\"\/><circle cx=\"14\" cy=\"249\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><line x1=\"22\" y1=\"249\" x2=\"58\" y2=\"249\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ken-pf)\"\/><line x1=\"20\" y1=\"292\" x2=\"44\" y2=\"292\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"20\" y1=\"297\" x2=\"44\" y2=\"297\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"20\" y1=\"302\" x2=\"44\" y2=\"302\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"54\" y=\"302\" font-size=\"15\">crystalline regions<\/text><path d=\"M20,321 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8E9AAB\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"54\" y=\"326\" font-size=\"15\">amorphous regions<\/text><path d=\"M176,348 V392 H158 L190,424 L222,392 H204 V348 Z\" fill=\"#EAF2F9\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><text x=\"190\" y=\"454\" font-size=\"16\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600\">Plasticisation of the<\/text><text x=\"190\" y=\"476\" font-size=\"16\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600\">amorphous regions<\/text><text x=\"190\" y=\"500\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-leise\">Glass transition falls<\/text><text x=\"20\" y=\"540\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">In the part<\/text><rect x=\"20\" y=\"552\" width=\"340\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#E2E8F0\"\/><line x1=\"44\" y1=\"563\" x2=\"44\" y2=\"582\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ken-pf)\"\/><text x=\"66\" y=\"579\" font-size=\"16\">Stiffness<\/text><rect x=\"20\" y=\"602\" width=\"340\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#E2E8F0\"\/><line x1=\"44\" y1=\"613\" x2=\"44\" y2=\"632\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ken-pf)\"\/><text x=\"66\" y=\"629\" font-size=\"16\">Strength<\/text><rect x=\"20\" y=\"652\" width=\"340\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#E2E8F0\"\/><line x1=\"44\" y1=\"683\" x2=\"44\" y2=\"664\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ken-pb)\"\/><text x=\"66\" y=\"679\" font-size=\"16\">Toughness<\/text><rect x=\"20\" y=\"702\" width=\"340\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#E2E8F0\"\/><line x1=\"44\" y1=\"733\" x2=\"44\" y2=\"714\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ken-pb)\"\/><text x=\"66\" y=\"729\" font-size=\"16\">Dimensions (swelling)<\/text><rect x=\"20\" y=\"760\" width=\"340\" height=\"92\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\"\/><path d=\"M62,783 H34\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ken-pf)\"\/><text x=\"74\" y=\"788\" font-size=\"15\">Water uptake is reversible:<\/text><text x=\"74\" y=\"810\" font-size=\"15\">in dry surroundings, polyamide<\/text><text x=\"74\" y=\"832\" font-size=\"15\">releases water again.<\/text><text x=\"20\" y=\"884\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">Schematic, not to scale \u00b7<\/text><text x=\"20\" y=\"906\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">Directions shown for PA6;<\/text><text x=\"20\" y=\"928\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">extent depends on the grade<\/text><\/svg><svg class=\"cs-g g-breit\" viewbox=\"0 0 880 424\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"v01ben-t v01ben-d\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><title id=\"v01ben-t\">Schematic: water enters the amorphous regions of polyamide; in PA6, stiffness falls while toughness and dimensions increase<\/title><desc id=\"v01ben-d\">Left: a section of material with crystalline bands and amorphous regions in between, where water is taken up. Centre: plasticisation of the amorphous regions, glass transition falls. Right: stiffness and strength decrease, toughness and dimensions increase. Bottom: water uptake is reversible.<\/desc><defs><marker id=\"v01ben-pf\" viewbox=\"0 0 10 10\" refx=\"8.5\" refy=\"5\" markerwidth=\"10\" markerheight=\"10\" markerunits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" orient=\"auto-start-reverse\"><path d=\"M0,0.8 L10,5 L0,9.2 z\" fill=\"#6E7B8F\"\/><\/marker><marker id=\"v01ben-pb\" viewbox=\"0 0 10 10\" refx=\"8.5\" refy=\"5\" markerwidth=\"10\" markerheight=\"10\" markerunits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" orient=\"auto-start-reverse\"><path d=\"M0,0.8 L10,5 L0,9.2 z\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><\/marker><\/defs><text x=\"140\" y=\"32\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">In the material<\/text><text x=\"572\" y=\"32\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">In the part<\/text><rect x=\"140\" y=\"50\" width=\"220\" height=\"200\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><line x1=\"156\" y1=\"66\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"66\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"156\" y1=\"72\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"72\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"156\" y1=\"78\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"78\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"156\" y1=\"84\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"84\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"156\" y1=\"126\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"126\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"156\" y1=\"132\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"132\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"156\" y1=\"138\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"138\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"156\" y1=\"144\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"144\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"156\" y1=\"186\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"186\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"156\" y1=\"192\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"192\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"156\" y1=\"198\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"198\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"156\" y1=\"204\" x2=\"344\" y2=\"204\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M156,101 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8E9AAB\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M156,113 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8E9AAB\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M156,161 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8E9AAB\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M156,173 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8E9AAB\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M156,221 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8E9AAB\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><path d=\"M156,237 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8E9AAB\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><circle cx=\"178.6\" cy=\"105\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"216.2\" cy=\"109\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"253.8\" cy=\"105\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"291.4\" cy=\"109\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"325.2\" cy=\"105\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"178.6\" cy=\"165\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"216.2\" cy=\"169\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"253.8\" cy=\"165\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"291.4\" cy=\"169\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"325.2\" cy=\"165\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"178.6\" cy=\"225\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"216.2\" cy=\"233\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"253.8\" cy=\"225\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"291.4\" cy=\"233\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><circle cx=\"325.2\" cy=\"225\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><text x=\"20\" y=\"68\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">Water from the<\/text><text x=\"20\" y=\"89\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">surroundings<\/text><circle cx=\"44\" cy=\"107\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><line x1=\"54\" y1=\"107\" x2=\"132\" y2=\"107\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ben-pf)\"\/><circle cx=\"44\" cy=\"167\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><line x1=\"54\" y1=\"167\" x2=\"132\" y2=\"167\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ben-pf)\"\/><circle cx=\"44\" cy=\"229\" r=\"4.2\" fill=\"#00ADD2\"\/><line x1=\"54\" y1=\"229\" x2=\"132\" y2=\"229\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ben-pf)\"\/><line x1=\"140\" y1=\"274\" x2=\"164\" y2=\"274\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"140\" y1=\"279\" x2=\"164\" y2=\"279\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><line x1=\"140\" y1=\"284\" x2=\"164\" y2=\"284\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-opacity=\".6\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"174\" y=\"284\" font-size=\"15\">crystalline regions<\/text><path d=\"M140,303 q6,-6 12,0 t12,0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8E9AAB\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><text x=\"174\" y=\"308\" font-size=\"15\">amorphous regions<\/text><path d=\"M380,138 H520 V126 L550,152 L520,178 V166 H380 Z\" fill=\"#EAF2F9\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><text x=\"465\" y=\"98\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600\">Plasticisation of the<\/text><text x=\"465\" y=\"119\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600\">amorphous regions<\/text><text x=\"465\" y=\"208\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-leise\">Glass transition falls<\/text><rect x=\"572\" y=\"52\" width=\"288\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#E2E8F0\"\/><line x1=\"596\" y1=\"63\" x2=\"596\" y2=\"82\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ben-pf)\"\/><text x=\"618\" y=\"79\" font-size=\"16\">Stiffness<\/text><rect x=\"572\" y=\"104\" width=\"288\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#E2E8F0\"\/><line x1=\"596\" y1=\"115\" x2=\"596\" y2=\"134\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ben-pf)\"\/><text x=\"618\" y=\"131\" font-size=\"16\">Strength<\/text><rect x=\"572\" y=\"156\" width=\"288\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#E2E8F0\"\/><line x1=\"596\" y1=\"187\" x2=\"596\" y2=\"168\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ben-pb)\"\/><text x=\"618\" y=\"183\" font-size=\"16\">Toughness<\/text><rect x=\"572\" y=\"208\" width=\"288\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#E2E8F0\"\/><line x1=\"596\" y1=\"239\" x2=\"596\" y2=\"220\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ben-pb)\"\/><text x=\"618\" y=\"235\" font-size=\"16\">Dimensions (swelling)<\/text><rect x=\"20\" y=\"332\" width=\"840\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\"\/><path d=\"M76,354 H42\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v01ben-pf)\"\/><text x=\"90\" y=\"359\" font-size=\"15\">Water uptake is reversible: in dry surroundings, polyamide releases water again.<\/text><text x=\"20\" y=\"410\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">Schematic, not to scale \u00b7 Directions shown for PA6; extent depends on the grade<\/text><\/svg><\/div><figcaption><span class=\"cs-abb__nr\">Figure 1<\/span> \u2014 Water enters the amorphous regions of polyamide and acts there as a plasticiser. Shown for PA6: stiffness and strength fall, toughness and dimensions increase; the extent depends on the grade. In dry surroundings water is released again. Schematic, not to scale \u2014 the figure shows directions, not quantities.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>This gives the principle behind everything that follows: conditioning does not make a part better across the board; it shifts a trade-off. At room temperature, dry polyamide is less tough and therefore more prone to brittle fracture under impact or assembly loads. Too much moisture, on the other hand, costs \u2014 as shown for PA6 \u2014 stiffness and strength, and dimensional stability through swelling. The water uptake itself is reversible: in dry surroundings, polyamide releases water again. Some consequences are not, however \u2014 leached constituents, for example, or cracks such as those that can appear after repeated immersion in boiling water and drying.<\/p><h3 class=\"cs-h3\" id=\"pa6-pa66-and-reinforced-grades-similar-direction-different-e\">PA6, PA66 and reinforced grades: similar direction, different extent<\/h3><p>In our assessment, the grades behave alike in kind but differently in degree. According to manufacturer data, unreinforced PA6 absorbs more water than unreinforced PA66 in the same climate. Additives such as impact modifiers also change the uptake behaviour. Every property value therefore applies to one specific grade.<\/p><p>Glass fibres absorb no water themselves but add to the mass, so the moisture content referred to the whole part is lower \u2014 without the polymer matrix being any drier. In our assessment, the extent to which plasticisation of the matrix changes a reinforced part cannot be carried over from the unreinforced grade: the fibre network carries much of the stiffness, so the effect has to be assessed per grade and load case.<\/p><h3 class=\"cs-h3\" id=\"drying-conditioning-and-annealing-serve-different-purposes\">Drying, conditioning and annealing serve different purposes<\/h3><p>Before injection moulding, granules must be below a permissible residual moisture content and are dried where necessary. If the residual water content is too high when the material is melted, hydrolytic degradation of the polymer chains can occur; the strength and toughness lost in this way cannot be recovered by any later step. How much residual moisture is permissible is set by the manufacturer for each grade. The finished moulding, by contrast, is <strong>conditioned<\/strong> so that it reaches the moisture condition its application requires.<\/p><p><strong>Annealing<\/strong>, finally, is a heat treatment intended mainly to relieve residual stress and anticipate post-mould shrinkage; through post-crystallisation it changes the dimensions. The moisture condition of the part should be reassessed afterwards.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"cs-kapitel\" aria-labelledby=\"which-moisture-content-is-right\"><div class=\"cs-kapitel__kopf\"><span class=\"cs-kapitel__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>02<\/span><h2 class=\"cs-h2\" id=\"which-moisture-content-is-right\">Which moisture content is right: no universal target, but a testable specification<\/h2><\/div><p>The question of the \u201cright\u201d moisture content is the obvious one \u2014 and the answer is inconvenient: there is no value that applies to every PA6 or PA66 part. Materials differ in grade, reinforcement and additives. Parts make different demands. And the same figure means different things depending on the reference basis and the test method.<\/p><p>It helps to keep three states apart. The <strong>equilibrium moisture content<\/strong> always refers to a particular climate, for example the standard atmosphere 23\/50 (23\u00a0\u00b0C, 50\u00a0% relative humidity). <strong>Water saturation<\/strong> describes uptake during immersion in water; it is considerably higher than the equilibrium moisture content in the standard atmosphere.<\/p><p>The <strong>target condition<\/strong>, on the other hand, is a decision: the condition a specific part needs for its function. It may lie close to an equilibrium moisture content, but it does not have to. Full water saturation is not a general prerequisite for a functional part.<\/p><aside class=\"cs-begriff\" aria-label=\"In brief: equilibrium moisture content\"><span class=\"cs-begriff__label\">In brief:<\/span> <span class=\"cs-begriff__wort\">equilibrium moisture content<\/span> <p>The moisture content a material reaches after sufficiently long storage in a constant climate, when it neither takes up nor releases water. Without the temperature and relative humidity, the value cannot be used.<\/p><\/aside><p>Water absorption values determined to ISO\u00a062 apply to test specimens of defined dimensions under defined test conditions. Such values do not tell you what condition your part needs \u2014 that follows from the material specification and the mechanical and functional requirements.<\/p><h3 class=\"cs-h3\" id=\"a-percentage-only-becomes-a-specification-with-a-reference-b\">A percentage only becomes a specification with a reference basis<\/h3><p>Even a well-founded target value is only unambiguous once it is clear what it refers to. ISO\u00a062 expresses water absorption as the change in mass as a percentage of the mass after initial drying, and provides for reference to the mass after re-drying in certain cases. Even within one standard, the reference mass is therefore a stated parameter, not something to be assumed. In practice there are further variants: referred to the moist total mass, to the dry part mass or \u2014 for reinforced grades \u2014 to the polymer matrix.<\/p><aside class=\"cs-beispiel\" data-hypothetisch><p class=\"cs-beispiel__titel\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"5\" y=\"3.5\" width=\"14\" height=\"17\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M8.5 8h7M8.5 12h1.5M12 12h1.5M8.5 16h1.5M12 16h1.5\"\/><\/svg>Worked example \u2014 hypothetical, figures chosen freely.<\/p><p>A part made of PA-GF30 has taken up 1.5\u00a0% water, referred to its dry total mass. The matrix accounts for 70\u00a0% of that mass. Referred to the dry matrix mass, the figure is <span class=\"cs-formel\">1.5 \u00f7 0.7 \u2248 2.1\u00a0%<\/span>. Both values describe the same part. The example is not a recommended target.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"cs-h3\" id=\"what-a-technically-robust-conditioning-specification-should\">What a technically robust conditioning specification should contain<\/h3><div class=\"cs-tabelle cs-tabelle--karten cs-tabelle--3 cs-breit\" data-scroll-x tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"what-a-technically-robust-conditioning-specification-should\"><table role=\"table\" aria-labelledby=\"what-a-technically-robust-conditioning-specification-should\"><thead role=\"rowgroup\"><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"col\" role=\"columnheader\">Item<\/th><th scope=\"col\" role=\"columnheader\">What to define<\/th><th scope=\"col\" role=\"columnheader\">Why it cannot be left out<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody role=\"rowgroup\"><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Material<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What to define<\/span>manufacturer and grade designation, reinforcement, fillers, additives<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Why it cannot be left out<\/span>uptake behaviour and properties apply per grade<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Part requirements<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What to define<\/span>mechanical, functional, dimensional and other requirements, e.g. assembly forces, snap-fit action, tolerances, electrical properties<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Why it cannot be left out<\/span>they determine which condition is needed<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Moisture target<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What to define<\/span>target value or range with tolerance \u2014 or explicitly a property target instead of a moisture value<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Why it cannot be left out<\/span>without a tolerance, no result can be assessed<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Reference basis<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What to define<\/span>referred to moist total mass, dry part mass or matrix \u2014 and whether an absolute water content or an increase over a documented initial condition is meant<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Why it cannot be left out<\/span>otherwise the same figure means different things<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Sampling location<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What to define<\/span>whole part or a defined location, e.g. a function-critical feature<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Why it cannot be left out<\/span>a whole-part value is an average<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Test method<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What to define<\/span>e.g. weighing whole parts against a documented initial condition, or water content determination to ISO\u00a015512<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Why it cannot be left out<\/span>methods measure different quantities<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Test conditions<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What to define<\/span>time after conditioning, climate until testing, sample preparation<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Why it cannot be left out<\/span>the condition keeps changing after the process<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Acceptance criteria<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What to define<\/span>what counts as met, sample size, documentation, procedure for deviations<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Why it cannot be left out<\/span>only then does a measurement become a decision<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"cs-scrollhinweis cs-breit\" hidden data-vorlage><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 12h18M7 8l-4 4 4 4M17 8l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><span>Scroll the table sideways to see all columns<\/span><\/p><p>Where a customer or standard specification exists, it is binding. Insights into local moisture conditions or function-critical features do not override it unilaterally. They may form the basis for agreeing a change with the customer \u2014 documented and backed by trials.<\/p><aside class=\"cs-merksatz\"><span class=\"cs-merksatz__label\">Key point<\/span><p>A moisture value without material, reference basis, sampling location and test method is not a specification \u2014 it is just a number.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"cs-kapitel\" aria-labelledby=\"how-moisture-is-distributed-in-the-part\"><div class=\"cs-kapitel__kopf\"><span class=\"cs-kapitel__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>03<\/span><h2 class=\"cs-h2\" id=\"how-moisture-is-distributed-in-the-part\">How moisture is distributed in the part: from the outside in \u2014 and not everywhere at once<\/h2><\/div><p>Water enters the part by diffusion: from the surface inwards, driven by the difference between the surroundings and the interior of the material. How fast this happens depends strongly on temperature. At elevated temperature uptake is much faster; at room temperature and low humidity it can take a very long time for equilibrium with the surroundings to be reached. Wall thickness, moisture supply and the initial condition also play a part.<\/p><p><strong>Wall thickness does not act linearly.<\/strong> For Fickian diffusion through a flat plate with constant conditions at its surfaces \u2014 the model ISO\u00a062 uses to evaluate diffusion coefficients \u2014 thickness enters the time scale as a square. Under these model assumptions, a plate twice as thick takes roughly four times as long to reach the same fraction of its final uptake.<\/p><p>Whether a particular polyamide follows this idealised behaviour depends on the material, the temperature and the moisture range; ISO\u00a062 itself sets limits on the simple Fickian evaluation. Real parts with ribs, edges and varying wall thicknesses are not flat plates either. For them, the factor is therefore not a conversion rule. The model does explain why a conditioning time can never be stated without the wall thickness.<\/p><p>While uptake is in progress, moisture is unevenly distributed \u2014 higher near the surface than inside; how pronounced the differences are depends on material, wall thickness, temperature and duration. In PA6 test specimens, such moisture gradients have been made visible by X-ray computed tomography and compared with a diffusion calculation; this cannot be transferred directly to production parts with a different geometry and history. The authors also point out that the water content of PA6 is usually specified as an integral value \u2014 an average across the whole part.<\/p><p>If a part remains under constant conditions for long enough, the moisture largely evens out.<\/p><figure class=\"cs-abb cs-breit\" id=\"abb-2\" data-grafikversion=\"P-19-V-02-d2\"><div class=\"cs-abb__flaeche\" data-bleed><svg class=\"cs-g g-kompakt\" viewbox=\"0 0 380 800\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"v02ken-t v02ken-d\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><title id=\"v02ken-t\">Schematic snap-fit hook: the thin arm is shaded throughout, the thick base only near its surfaces<\/title><desc id=\"v02ken-d\">Qualitative shading without values: across the whole cross-section of the thin arm, and only as a band near the surfaces of the thick base around a lighter core. Notes: functional feature with snap-fit action and ability to deflect; base with dimensional stability, stiffness and warpage; weighing captures only the change in mass of the whole part, as an average. Not a measurement, not a simulation.<\/desc><defs><filter id=\"v02ken-weich\" x=\"-30%\" y=\"-30%\" width=\"160%\" height=\"160%\"><fegaussianblur stddeviation=\"15\"\/><\/filter><lineargradient id=\"v02ken-lg\"><stop offset=\"0\" stop-color=\"#FFFFFF\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" stop-color=\"#4CC3DE\"\/><\/lineargradient><clippath id=\"v02ken-clip\"><path d=\"M60,38 Q60,30 68,30 L312,30 Q320,30 320,38 L320,162 Q320,170 312,170 L204,170 L204,380 L232,406 L232,432 L178,432 L178,170 L68,170 Q60,170 60,162 Z\"\/><\/clippath><\/defs><g clip-path=\"url(#v02ken-clip)\"><rect x=\"50\" y=\"20\" width=\"290\" height=\"420\" fill=\"#4CC3DE\"\/><rect x=\"98\" y=\"66\" width=\"164\" height=\"68\" rx=\"28\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" filter=\"url(#v02ken-weich)\"\/><\/g><path d=\"M60,38 Q60,30 68,30 L312,30 Q320,30 320,38 L320,162 Q320,170 312,170 L204,170 L204,380 L232,406 L232,432 L178,432 L178,170 L68,170 Q60,170 60,162 Z\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"44\" y=\"16\" width=\"292\" height=\"432\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.25\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 5\"\/><line x1=\"206\" y1=\"300\" x2=\"248\" y2=\"300\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"262\" cy=\"300\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"262\" y=\"305\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">1<\/text><line x1=\"322\" y1=\"100\" x2=\"345\" y2=\"100\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"358\" cy=\"100\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"358\" y=\"105\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">2<\/text><line x1=\"42\" y1=\"250\" x2=\"34\" y2=\"250\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"20\" cy=\"250\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"20\" y=\"255\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">3<\/text><text x=\"20\" y=\"482\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">drier<\/text><text x=\"360\" y=\"482\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"t-leise\">moister<\/text><rect x=\"20\" y=\"492\" width=\"340\" height=\"12\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"url(#v02ken-lg)\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\"\/><text x=\"20\" y=\"528\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">qualitative, no values<\/text><circle cx=\"32\" cy=\"567\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"32\" y=\"572\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">1<\/text><text x=\"54\" y=\"572\" font-size=\"15\">Functional feature: snap-fit action,<\/text><text x=\"54\" y=\"594\" font-size=\"15\">ability to deflect<\/text><circle cx=\"32\" cy=\"629\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"32\" y=\"634\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">2<\/text><text x=\"54\" y=\"634\" font-size=\"15\">Base: dimensional stability,<\/text><text x=\"54\" y=\"656\" font-size=\"15\">stiffness, warpage<\/text><circle cx=\"32\" cy=\"691\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"32\" y=\"696\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">3<\/text><text x=\"54\" y=\"696\" font-size=\"15\">Weighing: change in mass of the<\/text><text x=\"54\" y=\"718\" font-size=\"15\">whole part \u2014 an average<\/text><text x=\"20\" y=\"762\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">Schematic, not to scale \u00b7<\/text><text x=\"20\" y=\"784\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">not a measurement, not a simulation<\/text><\/svg><svg class=\"cs-g g-breit\" viewbox=\"0 0 880 452\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"v02ben-t v02ben-d\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><title id=\"v02ben-t\">Schematic snap-fit hook: the thin arm is shaded throughout, the thick base only near its surfaces<\/title><desc id=\"v02ben-d\">Qualitative shading without values: across the whole cross-section of the thin arm, and only as a band near the surfaces of the thick base around a lighter core. Notes: functional feature with snap-fit action and ability to deflect; base with dimensional stability, stiffness and warpage; weighing captures only the change in mass of the whole part, as an average. Not a measurement, not a simulation.<\/desc><defs><filter id=\"v02ben-weich\" x=\"-30%\" y=\"-30%\" width=\"160%\" height=\"160%\"><fegaussianblur stddeviation=\"15\"\/><\/filter><lineargradient id=\"v02ben-lg\"><stop offset=\"0\" stop-color=\"#FFFFFF\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" stop-color=\"#4CC3DE\"\/><\/lineargradient><clippath id=\"v02ben-clip\"><path d=\"M40,160 Q40,152 48,152 L292,152 Q300,152 300,160 L300,270 L478,270 L502,242 L528,242 L528,296 L300,296 L300,324 Q300,332 292,332 L48,332 Q40,332 40,324 Z\"\/><\/clippath><\/defs><g clip-path=\"url(#v02ben-clip)\"><rect x=\"30\" y=\"142\" width=\"510\" height=\"200\" fill=\"#4CC3DE\"\/><rect x=\"78\" y=\"190\" width=\"184\" height=\"104\" rx=\"30\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" filter=\"url(#v02ben-weich)\"\/><\/g><path d=\"M40,160 Q40,152 48,152 L292,152 Q300,152 300,160 L300,270 L478,270 L502,242 L528,242 L528,296 L300,296 L300,324 Q300,332 292,332 L48,332 Q40,332 40,324 Z\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"136\" width=\"520\" height=\"212\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.25\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 5\"\/><line x1=\"420\" y1=\"126\" x2=\"420\" y2=\"268\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"420\" cy=\"270\" r=\"3\" fill=\"#6E7B8F\"\/><text x=\"290\" y=\"96\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">Functional feature:<\/text><text x=\"290\" y=\"118\" font-size=\"16\">snap-fit action, ability to deflect<\/text><line x1=\"120\" y1=\"334\" x2=\"120\" y2=\"362\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"120\" cy=\"332\" r=\"3\" fill=\"#6E7B8F\"\/><text x=\"40\" y=\"384\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">Base:<\/text><text x=\"40\" y=\"406\" font-size=\"16\">dimensional stability, stiffness, warpage<\/text><text x=\"592\" y=\"28\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">drier<\/text><text x=\"860\" y=\"28\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"t-leise\">moister<\/text><rect x=\"592\" y=\"38\" width=\"268\" height=\"12\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"url(#v02ben-lg)\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\"\/><text x=\"592\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">qualitative, no values<\/text><line x1=\"544\" y1=\"238\" x2=\"592\" y2=\"238\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"544\" cy=\"238\" r=\"3\" fill=\"#6E7B8F\"\/><rect x=\"592\" y=\"168\" width=\"268\" height=\"140\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M630,188 V214 M618,192 H642 M622,214 H638\"\/><path d=\"M618,192 L613,203 L623,203 M642,192 L637,203 L647,203\"\/><path d=\"M613,203 q5,5 10,0 M637,203 q5,5 10,0\"\/><\/g><text x=\"660\" y=\"208\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">Weighing:<\/text><text x=\"612\" y=\"254\" font-size=\"16\">change in mass of the whole<\/text><text x=\"612\" y=\"276\" font-size=\"16\">part \u2014 an average<\/text><text x=\"40\" y=\"440\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">Schematic, not to scale \u00b7 not a measurement, not a simulation<\/text><\/svg><\/div><figcaption><span class=\"cs-abb__nr\">Figure 2<\/span> \u2014 During conditioning, a thin snap-fit arm can reach a required condition earlier than the thick base. Weighing captures only the change in mass of the whole part, not these local differences. Schematic, not to scale \u2014 not a measurement and not a simulation. The actual distribution depends on material, wall thickness, geometry, initial moisture content, temperature, moisture supply and duration.<\/figcaption><\/figure><h3 class=\"cs-h3\" id=\"function-critical-features-matter-and-so-does-the-rest-of-th\">Function-critical features matter \u2014 and so does the rest of the part<\/h3><p>For process design this is central. Thin-walled functional features such as snap-fit hooks, latches or clips <strong>can<\/strong>, under suitable conditions, reach a required moisture condition earlier than a thick base. For a specific part this is not automatically proven; geometry, the way the feature joins the body and the process conditions all play a part.<\/p><p>It does not follow, however, that only these features count. The base can have requirements of its own \u2014 dimensional stability, warpage, stiffness or its later behaviour in the service climate. Which area needs which condition is a question of the part requirements, not of diffusion.<\/p><p>Nor is the distribution frozen once the process ends. Manufacturer information describes excess surface moisture being released quickly and the remaining water content evening out within the part over time. At the same time, the part continues to exchange water with its surroundings. Storage, packaging and transport are therefore part of the process design.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"cs-kapitel\" aria-labelledby=\"which-conditioning-processes-exist\"><div class=\"cs-kapitel__kopf\"><span class=\"cs-kapitel__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>04<\/span><h2 class=\"cs-h2\" id=\"which-conditioning-processes-exist\">Which conditioning processes exist: six principles, two levers<\/h2><\/div><p>All processes rely on the same physics. They differ in how they supply water \u2014 as humidity, as steam or as liquid water \u2014 and at what temperature. Storage in the production hall is not a process in the strict sense: it also leads to moisture uptake, but in a fluctuating climate and therefore with only limited reproducibility.<\/p><aside class=\"cs-begriff\" aria-label=\"In brief: relative humidity and saturated steam\"><span class=\"cs-begriff__label\">In brief:<\/span> <span class=\"cs-begriff__wort\">relative humidity and saturated steam<\/span> <p>Relative humidity states how much water vapour the air contains relative to the maximum it can hold at its temperature. Saturated steam is pure water vapour in equilibrium with liquid water, with pressure and temperature firmly linked \u2014 in a mixture of steam and air, this applies only to the steam fraction.<\/p><\/aside><p>Three terms are often confused. A <strong>steam atmosphere<\/strong> is an atmosphere with a high water-vapour content; it need be neither saturated nor pressurised. <strong>Steam exposure<\/strong> means that steam is introduced into a space or vessel. A <strong>pressurised process<\/strong> exists only when the vessel is operated above ambient pressure \u2014 and with pure saturated steam, the temperature rises with the pressure. What matters for the part is therefore not the name of the process but the temperature and moisture supply that actually act on it.<\/p><h3 class=\"cs-h3\" id=\"process-principles-at-a-glance\">Process principles at a glance<\/h3><div class=\"cs-tabelle cs-tabelle--karten cs-tabelle--4 cs-breit\" data-scroll-x tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"process-principles-at-a-glance\"><table role=\"table\" aria-labelledby=\"process-principles-at-a-glance\"><thead role=\"rowgroup\"><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"col\" role=\"columnheader\">Process<\/th><th scope=\"col\" role=\"columnheader\">Basic principle<\/th><th scope=\"col\" role=\"columnheader\">Relevant selection criteria<\/th><th scope=\"col\" role=\"columnheader\">Limits to consider<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody role=\"rowgroup\"><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\"><strong>Controlled humid atmosphere<\/strong> (climate chamber or room)<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Basic principle<\/span>air at controlled temperature and relative humidity<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Relevant selection criteria<\/span>the material approaches the equilibrium of the set climate; if that lies above the target condition, time control is needed; no contact with liquid water<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Limits to consider<\/span>slow at low temperature; uniformity depends on air flow and loading<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Unheated humid atmosphere<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Basic principle<\/span>closed space with very high humidity at ambient temperature, used during storage or transport time<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Relevant selection criteria<\/span>Conditioning at nearly 100\u00a0% relative humidity without additional heating or active steam introduction. In the regular process, the parts remain surface-dry and stain-free.<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Limits to consider<\/span>Conditioning time depends in particular on the material, part geometry and ambient temperature. The method accordingly requires longer process times and is particularly suited to applications without high time pressure.<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\"><strong>Heated steam or humid atmosphere<\/strong> (chamber, cabinet)<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Basic principle<\/span>parts, often in their transport containers, in a heated, vapour-rich atmosphere; overpressure not required<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Relevant selection criteria<\/span>faster uptake than at room temperature; large quantities per batch<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Limits to consider<\/span>assess thermal load; check uniformity within the load; condensate on surfaces<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Pressurised steam exposure<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Basic principle<\/span>steam is admitted to a closed vessel operated above ambient pressure<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Relevant selection criteria<\/span>high temperature and high moisture supply at the same time<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Limits to consider<\/span>with pure saturated steam, temperature rises with pressure: check heat resistance, warpage and surface; pressure-vessel requirements<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Vacuum steam process<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Basic principle<\/span>pressure reduction in a closed chamber, combined with steam<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Relevant selection criteria<\/span>set the chamber atmosphere in a targeted way; programme-controlled sequence<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Limits to consider<\/span>it has not been demonstrated that the pressure reduction accelerates diffusion in polyamide; demonstrate the effect per system and part<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Water bath<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Basic principle<\/span>parts are immersed in cold or heated water<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Relevant selection criteria<\/span>simple to implement; used in research to condition specimens<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Limits to consider<\/span>parts come out wet; water-soluble constituents can be leached out; a target below water saturation requires precise time control<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"cs-scrollhinweis cs-breit\" hidden data-vorlage><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 12h18M7 8l-4 4 4 4M17 8l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><span>Scroll the table sideways to see all columns<\/span><\/p><p class=\"cs-tab-hinweis cs-breit\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"8.5\"\/><path d=\"M12 11v5.5M12 7.8h.01\"\/><\/svg><span>The table describes process principles independently of any manufacturer. Selection criteria and limits are largely editorial technical assessments \u2014 not measurement results and not equipment data. Process names used by equipment manufacturers are product designations and do not automatically correspond to a row of this table.<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"cs-h3\" id=\"no-process-is-the-best-for-every-part\">No process is the best for every part<\/h3><p>No process is inherently superior. Which one fits follows from the process design in the next section.<\/p><p>According to its website, Condisystems supplies systems for the saturated steam, vacuum, steam atmosphere and No-Energy processes; an overview is available under <a href=\"\/en\/conditioning-systems\">conditioning systems<\/a>. How these systems work in detail is not described in this guide.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"cs-kapitel\" aria-labelledby=\"how-to-design-a-conditioning-process\"><div class=\"cs-kapitel__kopf\"><span class=\"cs-kapitel__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>05<\/span><h2 class=\"cs-h2\" id=\"how-to-design-a-conditioning-process\">How to design a conditioning process: five steps to a robust production process<\/h2><\/div><p>Robust process design starts not with the process, but with the part. Only once it is clear what the part must be able to do can you judge which condition is needed and how to reach it.<\/p><figure class=\"cs-abb cs-breit\" id=\"abb-3\" data-grafikversion=\"P-19-V-03-d2\"><div class=\"cs-abb__flaeche\" data-bleed><svg class=\"cs-g g-kompakt\" viewbox=\"0 0 380 1198\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"v03ken-t v03ken-d\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><title id=\"v03ken-t\">Five-step flow from part requirements to a robust process, with a loop back when requirements are not met<\/title><desc id=\"v03ken-d\">Five steps: define the part requirements; analyse material and geometry; capture the production requirements; select and qualify the process; verify results and safeguard the process. Then the question whether the requirements are demonstrably met. Yes: release and monitor the production process. No: identify the cause and return to the step where it lies \u2014 steps 1 to 4.<\/desc><defs><marker id=\"v03ken-pf\" viewbox=\"0 0 10 10\" refx=\"8.5\" refy=\"5\" markerwidth=\"10\" markerheight=\"10\" markerunits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" orient=\"auto-start-reverse\"><path d=\"M0,0.8 L10,5 L0,9.2 z\" fill=\"#6E7B8F\"\/><\/marker><marker id=\"v03ken-pb\" viewbox=\"0 0 10 10\" refx=\"8.5\" refy=\"5\" markerwidth=\"10\" markerheight=\"10\" markerunits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" orient=\"auto-start-reverse\"><path d=\"M0,0.8 L10,5 L0,9.2 z\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><\/marker><\/defs><rect x=\"52\" y=\"16\" width=\"312\" height=\"132\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"80\" cy=\"46\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"80\" y=\"51\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">1<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"52\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">Define the part<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"74\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">requirements<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">mechanical \u00b7 functional \u00b7<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"128\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">dimensional \u00b7 other<\/text><line x1=\"208\" y1=\"149\" x2=\"208\" y2=\"170\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ken-pf)\"\/><rect x=\"52\" y=\"172\" width=\"312\" height=\"176\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"80\" cy=\"202\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"80\" y=\"207\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">2<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"208\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">Analyse material and<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"230\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">geometry<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"262\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">grade and compound \u00b7<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"284\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">wall thicknesses \u00b7<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"306\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">critical features \u00b7<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"328\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">initial moisture<\/text><line x1=\"208\" y1=\"349\" x2=\"208\" y2=\"370\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ken-pf)\"\/><rect x=\"52\" y=\"372\" width=\"312\" height=\"132\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"80\" cy=\"402\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"80\" y=\"407\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">3<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"408\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">Capture the production<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"430\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">requirements<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"462\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">volumes \u00b7 time \u00b7 loading \u00b7<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"484\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">storage<\/text><line x1=\"208\" y1=\"505\" x2=\"208\" y2=\"526\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ken-pf)\"\/><rect x=\"52\" y=\"528\" width=\"312\" height=\"132\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"80\" cy=\"558\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"80\" y=\"563\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">4<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"564\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">Select and qualify<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"586\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">the process<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"618\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">justify the process window \u00b7<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"640\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">trial on production parts<\/text><line x1=\"208\" y1=\"661\" x2=\"208\" y2=\"682\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ken-pf)\"\/><rect x=\"52\" y=\"684\" width=\"312\" height=\"154\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"80\" cy=\"714\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"80\" y=\"719\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">5<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"720\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">Verify results and<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"742\" font-size=\"16\" class=\"t-600\">safeguard the process<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"774\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">acceptance criteria \u00b7<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"796\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">monitoring \u00b7 reproducibility \u00b7<\/text><text x=\"106\" y=\"818\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">documentation<\/text><line x1=\"208\" y1=\"839\" x2=\"208\" y2=\"872\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ken-pf)\"\/><path d=\"M208,874 L328,930 L208,986 L88,930 Z\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><text x=\"208\" y=\"916\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600\">Requirements<\/text><text x=\"208\" y=\"935\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600\">demonstrably<\/text><text x=\"208\" y=\"954\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600\">met?<\/text><line x1=\"208\" y1=\"986\" x2=\"208\" y2=\"1016\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ken-pb)\"\/><text x=\"220\" y=\"1007\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600 t-blau\">yes<\/text><rect x=\"52\" y=\"1018\" width=\"312\" height=\"64\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"208\" y=\"1045\" font-size=\"16\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">Release and monitor the<\/text><text x=\"208\" y=\"1067\" font-size=\"16\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">production process<\/text><path d=\"M88,930 H24 V82\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 5\"\/><text x=\"80\" y=\"922\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"t-600\">no<\/text><line x1=\"24\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"50\" y2=\"82\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 5\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ken-pf)\"\/><line x1=\"24\" y1=\"260\" x2=\"50\" y2=\"260\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 5\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ken-pf)\"\/><line x1=\"24\" y1=\"438\" x2=\"50\" y2=\"438\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 5\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ken-pf)\"\/><line x1=\"24\" y1=\"594\" x2=\"50\" y2=\"594\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 5\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ken-pf)\"\/><line x1=\"20\" y1=\"1115\" x2=\"52\" y2=\"1115\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 5\"\/><text x=\"62\" y=\"1120\" font-size=\"15\">no: identify the cause \u2014 return to<\/text><text x=\"62\" y=\"1142\" font-size=\"15\">the step where it lies<\/text><text x=\"20\" y=\"1180\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">Schematic flow diagram<\/text><\/svg><svg class=\"cs-g g-breit\" viewbox=\"0 0 880 666\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"v03ben-t v03ben-d\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><title id=\"v03ben-t\">Five-step flow from part requirements to a robust process, with a loop back when requirements are not met<\/title><desc id=\"v03ben-d\">Five steps: define the part requirements; analyse material and geometry; capture the production requirements; select and qualify the process; verify results and safeguard the process. Then the question whether the requirements are demonstrably met. Yes: release and monitor the production process. No: identify the cause and return to the step where it lies \u2014 steps 1 to 4.<\/desc><defs><marker id=\"v03ben-pf\" viewbox=\"0 0 10 10\" refx=\"8.5\" refy=\"5\" markerwidth=\"10\" markerheight=\"10\" markerunits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" orient=\"auto-start-reverse\"><path d=\"M0,0.8 L10,5 L0,9.2 z\" fill=\"#6E7B8F\"\/><\/marker><marker id=\"v03ben-pb\" viewbox=\"0 0 10 10\" refx=\"8.5\" refy=\"5\" markerwidth=\"10\" markerheight=\"10\" markerunits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" orient=\"auto-start-reverse\"><path d=\"M0,0.8 L10,5 L0,9.2 z\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><\/marker><\/defs><rect x=\"16\" y=\"24\" width=\"156\" height=\"364\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"56\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"46\" y=\"61\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">1<\/text><text x=\"32\" y=\"100\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">Define the<\/text><text x=\"32\" y=\"121\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">part<\/text><text x=\"32\" y=\"142\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">requirements<\/text><line x1=\"32\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"156\" y2=\"176\" stroke=\"#E2E8F0\"\/><rect x=\"32\" y=\"193\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"43\" y=\"202\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">mechanical<\/text><rect x=\"32\" y=\"222\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"43\" y=\"231\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">functional<\/text><rect x=\"32\" y=\"251\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"43\" y=\"260\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">dimensional<\/text><rect x=\"32\" y=\"280\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"43\" y=\"289\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">other<\/text><line x1=\"173\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"183\" y2=\"56\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ben-pf)\"\/><rect x=\"185\" y=\"24\" width=\"156\" height=\"364\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"215\" cy=\"56\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"215\" y=\"61\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">2<\/text><text x=\"201\" y=\"100\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">Analyse<\/text><text x=\"201\" y=\"121\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">material and<\/text><text x=\"201\" y=\"142\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">geometry<\/text><line x1=\"201\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"325\" y2=\"176\" stroke=\"#E2E8F0\"\/><rect x=\"201\" y=\"193\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"212\" y=\"202\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">grade and<\/text><text x=\"212\" y=\"223\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">compound<\/text><rect x=\"201\" y=\"243\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"212\" y=\"252\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">wall<\/text><text x=\"212\" y=\"273\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">thicknesses<\/text><rect x=\"201\" y=\"293\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"212\" y=\"302\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">critical<\/text><text x=\"212\" y=\"323\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">features<\/text><rect x=\"201\" y=\"343\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"212\" y=\"352\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">initial<\/text><text x=\"212\" y=\"373\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">moisture<\/text><line x1=\"342\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"352\" y2=\"56\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ben-pf)\"\/><rect x=\"354\" y=\"24\" width=\"156\" height=\"364\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"384\" cy=\"56\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"384\" y=\"61\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">3<\/text><text x=\"370\" y=\"100\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">Capture the<\/text><text x=\"370\" y=\"121\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">production<\/text><text x=\"370\" y=\"142\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">requirements<\/text><line x1=\"370\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"494\" y2=\"176\" stroke=\"#E2E8F0\"\/><rect x=\"370\" y=\"193\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"381\" y=\"202\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">volumes<\/text><rect x=\"370\" y=\"222\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"381\" y=\"231\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">time<\/text><rect x=\"370\" y=\"251\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"381\" y=\"260\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">loading<\/text><rect x=\"370\" y=\"280\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"381\" y=\"289\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">storage<\/text><line x1=\"511\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"521\" y2=\"56\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ben-pf)\"\/><rect x=\"523\" y=\"24\" width=\"156\" height=\"364\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"553\" cy=\"56\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"553\" y=\"61\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">4<\/text><text x=\"539\" y=\"100\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">Select and<\/text><text x=\"539\" y=\"121\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">qualify the<\/text><text x=\"539\" y=\"142\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">process<\/text><line x1=\"539\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"663\" y2=\"176\" stroke=\"#E2E8F0\"\/><rect x=\"539\" y=\"193\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"550\" y=\"202\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">justify the<\/text><text x=\"550\" y=\"223\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">process window<\/text><rect x=\"539\" y=\"243\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"550\" y=\"252\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">trial on<\/text><text x=\"550\" y=\"273\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">production<\/text><text x=\"550\" y=\"294\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">parts<\/text><line x1=\"680\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"690\" y2=\"56\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ben-pf)\"\/><rect x=\"692\" y=\"24\" width=\"156\" height=\"364\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#C9D6E2\" stroke-width=\"1.25\"\/><circle cx=\"722\" cy=\"56\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"722\" y=\"61\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">5<\/text><text x=\"708\" y=\"100\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">Verify<\/text><text x=\"708\" y=\"121\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">results and<\/text><text x=\"708\" y=\"142\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">safeguard the<\/text><text x=\"708\" y=\"163\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600\">process<\/text><line x1=\"708\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"832\" y2=\"176\" stroke=\"#E2E8F0\"\/><rect x=\"708\" y=\"193\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"719\" y=\"202\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">acceptance<\/text><text x=\"719\" y=\"223\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">criteria<\/text><rect x=\"708\" y=\"243\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"719\" y=\"252\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">monitoring<\/text><rect x=\"708\" y=\"272\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"719\" y=\"281\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">reproducibility<\/text><rect x=\"708\" y=\"301\" width=\"5\" height=\"5\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"719\" y=\"310\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">documentation<\/text><line x1=\"770\" y1=\"389\" x2=\"770\" y2=\"403\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ben-pf)\"\/><path d=\"M770,404 L878,464 L770,524 L662,464 Z\" fill=\"#FFFFFF\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><text x=\"770\" y=\"450\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600\">Requirements<\/text><text x=\"770\" y=\"469\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600\">demonstrably<\/text><text x=\"770\" y=\"488\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600\">met?<\/text><line x1=\"770\" y1=\"524\" x2=\"770\" y2=\"552\" stroke=\"#2270AE\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ben-pb)\"\/><text x=\"782\" y=\"544\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-600 t-blau\">yes<\/text><rect x=\"663\" y=\"554\" width=\"214\" height=\"66\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#2270AE\"\/><text x=\"770\" y=\"582\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">Release and monitor the<\/text><text x=\"770\" y=\"603\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"middle\" class=\"t-600 t-weiss\">production process<\/text><path d=\"M662,464 H94\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 5\"\/><text x=\"650\" y=\"454\" font-size=\"15\" text-anchor=\"end\" class=\"t-600\">no<\/text><line x1=\"94\" y1=\"464\" x2=\"94\" y2=\"391\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 5\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ben-pf)\"\/><line x1=\"263\" y1=\"464\" x2=\"263\" y2=\"391\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 5\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ben-pf)\"\/><line x1=\"432\" y1=\"464\" x2=\"432\" y2=\"391\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 5\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ben-pf)\"\/><line x1=\"601\" y1=\"464\" x2=\"601\" y2=\"391\" stroke=\"#6E7B8F\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 5\" marker-end=\"url(#v03ben-pf)\"\/><text x=\"94\" y=\"492\" font-size=\"15\">Identify the cause \u2014 return to the step where it lies<\/text><text x=\"16\" y=\"652\" font-size=\"15\" class=\"t-leise\">Schematic flow diagram<\/text><\/svg><\/div><figcaption><span class=\"cs-abb__nr\">Figure 3<\/span> \u2014 Systematic design of a conditioning process in five steps. If a requirement is not met, the route leads back to the cause \u2014 not automatically to longer conditioning. Schematic flow diagram.<\/figcaption><\/figure><h3 class=\"cs-h3\" id=\"step-1-define-the-part-requirements\">Step 1: Define the part requirements<\/h3><p>Which properties must the part have after conditioning \u2014 and when: at assembly, on delivery, in service? This covers mechanical requirements such as snap-fit forces or impact loads, dimensional ones such as tolerances, and others such as electrical properties or surface quality. Also record where on the part they apply and which specification is binding.<\/p><h3 class=\"cs-h3\" id=\"step-2-analyse-material-and-geometry\">Step 2: Analyse material and geometry<\/h3><p>Polyamide grade, compound, reinforcement and additives determine the uptake behaviour. The geometry gives the wall thicknesses, function-critical features and thick sections. The initial moisture content matters just as much: how long and how the parts are stored between demoulding and conditioning.<\/p><h3 class=\"cs-h3\" id=\"step-3-capture-the-production-requirements\">Step 3: Capture the production requirements<\/h3><p>Volumes, batch size and the time available before assembly or dispatch narrow the choice of process \u2014 as do loading (bulk, small load carriers, mesh pallet boxes), handling, storage and the required throughput.<\/p><h3 class=\"cs-h3\" id=\"step-4-select-and-qualify-the-process-and-process-window\">Step 4: Select and qualify the process and process window<\/h3><p>The process conditions are set on technical grounds: temperature in relation to what the material and part can tolerate, moisture supply, duration, loading and, where needed, surface after-treatment. Qualification takes place on production parts in a realistic load, including the least favourable positions and the critical features. For trial series or as an interim solution, conditioning can also be outsourced as contract conditioning.<\/p><h3 class=\"cs-h3\" id=\"step-5-verify-the-results-and-safeguard-the-process\">Step 5: Verify the results and safeguard the process<\/h3><p>Testing is carried out against the criteria from step 1, using the methods in the verification section below. For series production, add process monitoring, evidence of reproducibility, documentation and rules for the period afterwards: packaging, storage climate, time to assembly.<\/p><p><strong>If a requirement is not met, that is not a signal simply to condition for longer, but a reason to review the process design<\/strong>: Is the requirement right? Does the target condition fit? Does the process act on the critical feature \u2014 or does the cause lie outside moisture altogether? Whether a design focused on function-critical features saves time or energy can only be judged with comparative data on the specific part; a shorter process time does not automatically mean less energy.<\/p><div class=\"cs-checkliste cs-breit\"><p class=\"cs-checkliste__titel\">Checklist: information to have ready before a conditioning process is assessed<\/p><ul><li>Material with manufacturer, grade designation, reinforcement and additives<\/li><li>Drawing or photos showing wall thicknesses and critical features<\/li><li>Required properties and how they are tested<\/li><li>Any existing moisture specification, with reference basis and test method<\/li><li>Time and storage between demoulding and conditioning<\/li><li>Volumes, batch sizes, available time, loading<\/li><li>Requirements for surface, cleanliness and packaging<\/li><li>Current process and problems observed, if any<\/li><\/ul><\/div><aside class=\"cs-modul cs-breit\" aria-labelledby=\"modul-titel\"><div class=\"cs-modul__raster\"><div><p class=\"cs-modul__titel\" id=\"modul-titel\">How well prepared is your organisation for conditioning requirements?<\/p><p>Alongside the part itself, organisational factors determine whether a conditioning process holds up in the long run: whether it runs reproducibly, is documented and fits capacity and production planning. The questions to ask relate to process reliability, reproducibility, documentation, and capacity and flexibility. They are organisational questions \u2014 they do not replace a moisture measurement or a technical test.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"cs-kapitel\" aria-labelledby=\"common-mistakes-in-conditioning-polyamide\"><div class=\"cs-kapitel__kopf\"><span class=\"cs-kapitel__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>06<\/span><h2 class=\"cs-h2\" id=\"common-mistakes-in-conditioning-polyamide\">Common mistakes in conditioning polyamide: narrow down the cause before adjusting the process<\/h2><\/div><p>Conditioning problems often show up not as a wrong reading but as a part that fails during assembly, testing or service. That alone does not establish moisture as the cause. Brittle fracture, for instance, can also result from notch effects, weld lines, material defects or mechanical overload \u2014 or from damage caused by moulding granules that were too moist. The table links typical observations to possible causes and a first check \u2014 as hypotheses, not diagnoses.<\/p><h3 class=\"cs-h3\" id=\"typical-observations-and-how-to-narrow-them-down\">Typical observations and how to narrow them down<\/h3><div class=\"cs-tabelle cs-tabelle--karten cs-tabelle--3 cs-breit\" data-scroll-x tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"typical-observations-and-how-to-narrow-them-down\"><table role=\"table\" aria-labelledby=\"typical-observations-and-how-to-narrow-them-down\"><thead role=\"rowgroup\"><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"col\" role=\"columnheader\">Observation<\/th><th scope=\"col\" role=\"columnheader\">Possible causes<\/th><th scope=\"col\" role=\"columnheader\">Suggested checks<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody role=\"rowgroup\"><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Snap-fit hooks break during assembly<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Possible causes<\/span>functional feature too dry or dried out again; notches, sharp transitions; weld line at the hook; processing damage, e.g. through hydrolysis; overstrain during assembly<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Suggested checks<\/span>document the fracture; determine moisture on a sample from the hook area; assembly trial with reference parts; check weld line and processing<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Parts warp<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Possible causes<\/span>uneven shrinkage due to fibre orientation, mould temperature or changes in wall thickness; swelling superimposed on post-mould shrinkage; uneven moisture uptake or thermal load in the process<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Suggested checks<\/span>measure dimensions before and after conditioning and after storage; compare unconditioned reference parts; record the position in the load<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Results vary between batches<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Possible causes<\/span>different initial moisture; changing loading; different material batch; processing effects; sensor or sampling<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Suggested checks<\/span>record the initial condition per batch; fix the loading; sample several load positions; check the measuring equipment<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">The equipment reaches its set points, the part does not meet its requirements<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Possible causes<\/span>sensor readings describe the atmosphere, not the part; duration too short for the geometry; gradient at the critical feature; requirement not determined by moisture alone<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Suggested checks<\/span>test the part, not just the equipment; trial series on production parts; re-read the requirement and specification<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Moisture value does not match the expected function<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Possible causes<\/span>different reference basis; average instead of a value at the critical feature; different test method; function limited by geometry or processing<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Suggested checks<\/span>align reference basis and method; sample at the functional feature; establish the link between moisture value and function<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Properties change after storage or transport<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Possible causes<\/span>water release or further uptake; moisture evening out within the part; climate and packaging<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Suggested checks<\/span>test at the time of use; specify storage climate and packaging; repeat testing after a defined storage period<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"cs-scrollhinweis cs-breit\" hidden data-vorlage><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 12h18M7 8l-4 4 4 4M17 8l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><span>Scroll the table sideways to see all columns<\/span><\/p><p>Conditioning for longer or more intensively is not a cure-all. More moisture means more swelling and \u2014 as shown for PA6 \u2014 less stiffness; more temperature means more thermal load. If the cause lies in geometry or processing, conditioning will not remove it \u2014 but it can mask it, for example when greater toughness makes a weak weld line appear adequate for a while.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"cs-kapitel\" aria-labelledby=\"how-to-verify-successful-conditioning\"><div class=\"cs-kapitel__kopf\"><span class=\"cs-kapitel__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>07<\/span><h2 class=\"cs-h2\" id=\"how-to-verify-successful-conditioning\">How to verify successful conditioning: four levels of testing, each telling you something different<\/h2><\/div><p>Whether conditioning has succeeded can be checked at four levels. Each answers a different question; none replaces the others on its own.<\/p><p><strong>Process monitoring<\/strong> shows what the equipment did. A hygrometer measures the humidity of the air at the sensor, not the water content of the plastic part. A Pt100 is a platinum resistance thermometer and measures temperature \u2014 neither air humidity nor part moisture. A correctly monitored process atmosphere is therefore a prerequisite, but not proof that the part meets its requirements.<\/p><p><strong>Weighing and water content determination<\/strong> answer related but different questions. Weighing whole parts before and after conditioning is non-destructive and practical on the shop floor. It first gives the change in mass of the part; with a documented initial condition, the water taken up relative to that condition can be determined from it, averaged across the whole part.<\/p><p>This requires controlled weighing: under ISO\u00a062, specimens must neither absorb nor release water during weighing; they are weighed immediately after removal, surface water is removed first, and dried specimens are cooled in a desiccator. For parts, this means no moisture loss or gain between removal and weighing \u2014 for example through prolonged open cooling \u2014 and a balance whose resolution suits the expected change in mass.<\/p><p>Weighing only gives the absolute water content if the water content in the initial condition is also known. Other changes in mass, such as leached soluble constituents, also enter the result. The water content of a sample, by contrast, is determined by the methods of ISO\u00a015512, for example Karl Fischer titration. To know the local water content of a snap-fit hook, you need a sample from that area; whether the hook performs its function is shown by a functional test instead.<\/p><p><strong>Mechanical or functional testing<\/strong> \u2014 assembly trials, snap-in and release forces, impact or dimensional checks \u2014 shows whether the requirement is met in the condition tested. It is the most direct evidence.<\/p><p><strong>Process qualification<\/strong> links the levels: once it is established how process parameters, moisture value and function relate, process monitoring and moisture measurement can carry much of the ongoing assurance in series production \u2014 within the qualified range of material, geometry and loading. They do not replace sample testing of parts, customer-specific test requirements or a fresh assessment after changes.<\/p><h3 class=\"cs-h3\" id=\"what-the-standards-cover-and-what-they-do-not\">What the standards cover \u2014 and what they do not<\/h3><aside class=\"cs-hinweis\"><p class=\"cs-hinweis__titel\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M5 4.5h10.5L19 8v11.5H5z\"\/><path d=\"M8.5 12.5l2.2 2.2 4.3-4.6\"\/><\/svg>Standards \u2014 four standards, four different tasks<\/p><p><strong>ISO\u00a062:2008<\/strong> describes how to determine the water absorption of test specimens of defined dimensions under defined conditions, expressed as a change in mass.<\/p><p><strong>ISO\u00a01110:2019<\/strong> describes the accelerated conditioning of polyamide test specimens; according to its published abstract, the result is close to equilibrium in the standard atmosphere 23\u00a0\u00b0C \/ 50\u00a0% RH, mechanical values may differ slightly, and grades with more than 2\u00a0% by mass of extractables are excluded.<\/p><p><strong>ISO\u00a015512:2019<\/strong> describes methods for determining the water content of plastics in the form of powder, granules or finished articles \u2014 not water absorption to ISO\u00a062. <strong>ISO\u00a0291<\/strong> specifies standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing. A measurement carried out to a standard is not a specification for how a particular production part is to be conditioned industrially.<\/p><\/aside><h3 class=\"cs-h3\" id=\"what-a-measurement-tells-you-and-what-it-does-not\">What a measurement tells you \u2014 and what it does not<\/h3><div class=\"cs-tabelle cs-tabelle--karten cs-tabelle--3 cs-breit\" data-scroll-x tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"what-a-measurement-tells-you-and-what-it-does-not\"><table role=\"table\" aria-labelledby=\"what-a-measurement-tells-you-and-what-it-does-not\"><thead role=\"rowgroup\"><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"col\" role=\"columnheader\">Measurement<\/th><th scope=\"col\" role=\"columnheader\">What it shows<\/th><th scope=\"col\" role=\"columnheader\">Limitations<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody role=\"rowgroup\"><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\"><strong>Relative humidity<\/strong> (hygrometer)<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What it shows<\/span>moisture supply of the air at the sensor<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Limitations<\/span>not a value for the part; differences within chamber and load; calibration<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\"><strong>Process temperature<\/strong> (e.g. Pt100)<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What it shows<\/span>temperature at the sensor<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Limitations<\/span>neither air humidity nor part moisture; the part heats up with a delay<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Process time, programme sequence<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What it shows<\/span>that the process ran as specified<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Limitations<\/span>no evidence of the part condition<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\"><strong>Change in mass<\/strong> (weighing whole parts)<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What it shows<\/span>water taken up relative to a documented initial condition, averaged across the part; non-destructive<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Limitations<\/span>no absolute water content without a known initial water content; surface water and leaching affect the result, as does moisture lost or gained between removal and weighing; nothing about distribution<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\"><strong>Mass loss on heating<\/strong> (e.g. moisture analyser)<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What it shows<\/span>volatile content of a sample<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Limitations<\/span>not water-specific, other volatiles are included; depends on the chosen temperature<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\"><strong>Water content of a sample<\/strong> (Karl Fischer to ISO\u00a015512)<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What it shows<\/span>water in the sample taken<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Limitations<\/span>applies only to the sampling location; method and sample preparation must suit the material and must not change the moisture; destructive<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Mechanical or functional test<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What it shows<\/span>whether the property is met in the condition tested<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Limitations<\/span>applies to the time of testing and the sample; series production needs an established link to process and moisture values<\/td><\/tr><tr role=\"row\"><th scope=\"row\" role=\"rowheader\">Process qualification<\/th><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>What it shows<\/span>that the process delivers the result reproducibly<\/td><td role=\"cell\"><span class=\"cs-tab__label\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-vorlage>Limitations<\/span>applies within the qualified range; does not replace sample testing; changes to material, geometry or loading need a new assessment<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"cs-scrollhinweis cs-breit\" hidden data-vorlage><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 12h18M7 8l-4 4 4 4M17 8l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><span>Scroll the table sideways to see all columns<\/span><\/p><p>A process that produces a good part once is not yet a production process. It is reproducible when it repeats the result across batches, loading patterns and changing ambient conditions \u2014 and when that is documented. The documentation should therefore include the process parameters per batch, the initial condition, the tests and their results, the acceptance criteria and the procedure for deviations.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"cs-kapitel\" aria-labelledby=\"conclusion\"><div class=\"cs-kapitel__kopf\"><h2 class=\"cs-h2\" id=\"conclusion\">Conclusion: when is polyamide correctly conditioned?<\/h2><\/div><p>A polyamide part is correctly conditioned when it demonstrably meets the requirements of its application \u2014 at the locations where they apply, and at the time when they apply. A moisture value is an important tool for this, but it only becomes a robust specification together with material, reference basis, sampling location and test method.<\/p><p>Material, geometry and part function have to be considered together, because moisture moves from the outside in and can reach thin and thick sections at different times. The choice of process follows from this assessment, not from the name of the process. And a production process is only robust once it delivers its results reproducibly and this is documented.<\/p><aside class=\"cs-merksatz\"><span class=\"cs-merksatz__label\">Key point<\/span><p>The aim is not maximum water uptake, but a part condition that suits the application and can be reliably demonstrated.<\/p><\/aside><\/section><section class=\"cs-kontakt cs-breit\" aria-labelledby=\"looking-to-design-or-improve-your-conditioning-process\"><div class=\"cs-kontakt__text\"><h2 class=\"cs-h2\" id=\"looking-to-design-or-improve-your-conditioning-process\">Looking to design or improve your conditioning process?<\/h2><p>If you have a specific application or problem \u2014 a new part, a changed customer requirement or an existing process that is not running consistently \u2014 tell us about it. For your enquiry, it helps to know the material, the part with its wall thicknesses and critical features, the production volume, the required properties and, if there is one, the current process.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"cs-kontakt__aktion\"><a class=\"cs-knopf cs-knopf--voll\" href=\"\/en\/enquire-now\">Send an enquiry<svg viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><p class=\"cs-kontakt__direkt\">or contact us directly:<\/p><a class=\"cs-kontakt__weg\" href=\"tel:+496233352042\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M5 4.5h3.5l1.5 4-2.2 1.4a11 11 0 0 0 6.3 6.3l1.4-2.2 4 1.5V19a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-1.6 1.5A15.5 15.5 0 0 1 3.5 6.1 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 5 4.5z\"\/><\/svg>+49 6233 35 20 42<\/a> <a class=\"cs-kontakt__weg\" href=\"mailto:info@condisystems.com\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"3.5\" y=\"5.5\" width=\"17\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M4 7l8 6 8-6\"\/><\/svg>info@condisystems.com<\/a><\/div><\/section><section class=\"cs-kapitel cs-kapitel--faq\" aria-labelledby=\"frequently-asked-questions\"><div class=\"cs-kapitel__kopf\"><h2 class=\"cs-h2\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"cs-faq\"><details class=\"cs-faq__eintrag\" id=\"does-every-pa6-or-pa66-part-need-to-be-conditioned\"><summary class=\"cs-faq__frage\"><span class=\"cs-faq__text\">Does every PA6 or PA66 part need to be conditioned?<\/span><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"cs-faq__antwort\"><p>No. Whether conditioning is needed follows from the requirements. If the part has to withstand impact or assembly loads soon after moulding, the dry condition can be critical; if maximum stiffness is the priority, it can be desirable. Bear in mind that a part takes up moisture from its surroundings over time even without conditioning, so the dry condition does not last. The deciding factors are the material grade, the part function, the service climate and the customer\u2019s specification.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"cs-faq__eintrag\" id=\"what-is-the-difference-between-drying-and-conditioning\"><summary class=\"cs-faq__frage\"><span class=\"cs-faq__text\">What is the difference between drying and conditioning?<\/span><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"cs-faq__antwort\"><p>They have opposite aims. Where necessary, granules are dried before processing, because too high a residual water content during melting can lead to hydrolytic degradation of the polymer chains. The finished moulding is conditioned so that it takes up moisture in a controlled way and reaches the condition its application requires. Annealing is a third, separate process: a heat treatment that can affect dimensions and structure.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"cs-faq__eintrag\" id=\"which-moisture-content-is-right-for-polyamide\"><summary class=\"cs-faq__frage\"><span class=\"cs-faq__text\">Which moisture content is right for polyamide?<\/span><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"cs-faq__antwort\"><p>There is no generally valid value. The right target condition follows from the material specification and the part requirements, and it is only unambiguous together with the reference basis, sampling location and test method. An equilibrium moisture content from the data sheet describes the material in a particular climate, not a specification for your part.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"cs-faq__eintrag\" id=\"can-a-part-take-up-too-much-moisture\"><summary class=\"cs-faq__frage\"><span class=\"cs-faq__text\">Can a part take up too much moisture?<\/span><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"cs-faq__antwort\"><p>Yes. For PA6 it has been shown that, as the water content rises, stiffness and strength continue to fall and the part swells; for other grades, the extent should be taken from the data sheet. Dimensional tolerances, fits or stiffness requirements can be violated as a result. This is another reason why full water saturation is not a general aim.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"cs-faq__eintrag\" id=\"how-can-i-tell-whether-my-part-has-been-conditioned-sufficie\"><summary class=\"cs-faq__frage\"><span class=\"cs-faq__text\">How can I tell whether my part has been conditioned sufficiently?<\/span><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"cs-faq__antwort\"><p>Most reliably by testing the required property on the part, for example with an assembly trial or a force or dimensional check at the relevant point in time. Moisture measurements complement this: weighing whole parts shows, without destroying them, the water taken up relative to the initial condition as an average; a water content determination to ISO\u00a015512 gives the water content of a sample. Series production also needs a qualified, monitored process.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div><\/section><section class=\"cs-kapitel\" aria-labelledby=\"sources\"><div class=\"cs-kapitel__kopf\"><h2 class=\"cs-h2\" id=\"sources\">Sources<\/h2><\/div><p class=\"cs-quellen__einleitung\">Supported technical statements in this article are based on the following sources. Definitions and conclusions worded as assessments are not referenced separately. The standards serve different purposes \u2014 test method, conditioning of test specimens, water content determination, test atmosphere \u2014 and none of them is a specification for the industrial conditioning of a particular part. Where only the scope or an abstract was consulted, this is stated.<\/p><ol class=\"cs-quellen quellen\"><li id=\"quelle-1\"><span class=\"cs-quellen__nr\" data-vorlage>1<\/span><div><strong>ISO\u00a062:2008<\/strong> \u2014 Plastics \u2014 Determination of water absorption. Full text consulted. <span class=\"cs-quellen__beleg\">Supports: change in mass as a percentage of the mass after initial drying, alternative reference mass; weighing requirements; leaching of water-soluble constituents; the flat-plate diffusion model and its limits; limits of comparison under non-equilibrium conditions.<\/span><\/div><\/li><li id=\"quelle-2\"><span class=\"cs-quellen__nr\" data-vorlage>2<\/span><div><strong>ISO\u00a01110:2019<\/strong> \u2014 Plastics \u2014 Polyamides \u2014 Accelerated conditioning of test specimens. <span class=\"cs-quellen__beleg\">Supports: scope and limitations according to the published abstract; full text not consulted.<\/span><\/div><\/li><li id=\"quelle-3\"><span class=\"cs-quellen__nr\" data-vorlage>3<\/span><div><strong>ISO\u00a015512:2019<\/strong> \u2014 Plastics \u2014 Determination of water content. <span class=\"cs-quellen__beleg\">Supports: scope (powder, granules, finished articles) and overview of methods according to the ISO abstract and a standards catalogue; full text not consulted.<\/span><\/div><\/li><li id=\"quelle-4\"><span class=\"cs-quellen__nr\" data-vorlage>4<\/span><div><strong>ISO\u00a0291:2008<\/strong> \u2014 Plastics \u2014 Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing. Title and scope according to standards catalogues.<\/div><\/li><li id=\"quelle-5\"><span class=\"cs-quellen__nr\" data-vorlage>5<\/span><div><strong>IEC\u00a060751:2022<\/strong> \u2014 Industrial platinum resistance thermometers and platinum temperature sensors. <span class=\"cs-quellen__beleg\">Supports: Pt100 as a platinum resistance thermometer for temperature measurement (scope according to standards catalogues).<\/span><\/div><\/li><li id=\"quelle-6\"><span class=\"cs-quellen__nr\" data-vorlage>6<\/span><div><strong>IAPWS R7-97(2012)<\/strong> \u2014 Revised Release on the IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam. <span class=\"cs-quellen__beleg\">Supports: the link between pressure and temperature of saturated steam (saturation line); structure according to the documentation, full text not consulted.<\/span><\/div><\/li><li id=\"quelle-7\"><span class=\"cs-quellen__nr\" data-vorlage>7<\/span><div><strong>Sambale AK, Stanko M, Emde J, Stommel M:<\/strong> Characterisation and FE Modelling of the Sorption and Swelling Behaviour of Polyamide 6 in Water. <em>Polymers<\/em> 2021, 13(9), 1480. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13091480\">doi:10.3390\/polym13091480<\/a>. <span class=\"cs-quellen__beleg\">Supports: water uptake in the amorphous phase of PA6, plasticisation, effect on stiffness, strength and toughness, swelling, reversibility, temperature dependence; one PA6 grade was studied.<\/span><\/div><\/li><li id=\"quelle-8\"><span class=\"cs-quellen__nr\" data-vorlage>8<\/span><div><strong>Sambale AK, Maisl M, Herrmann HG, Stommel M:<\/strong> Characterisation and Modelling of Moisture Gradients in Polyamide 6. <em>Polymers<\/em> 2021, 13(18), 3141. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13183141\">doi:10.3390\/polym13183141<\/a>. <span class=\"cs-quellen__beleg\">Supports: measured moisture gradients in PA6 test specimens; water content stated as an integral value.<\/span><\/div><\/li><li id=\"quelle-9\"><span class=\"cs-quellen__nr\" data-vorlage>9<\/span><div><strong>DuPont:<\/strong> <span data-zitat>Zytel\u00ae and Minlon\u00ae Nylon Resins \u2014 Molding Guide<\/span> (05\/17) GNE-A11218-00-A1216, \u00a9 2017 (manufacturer\u2019s guide; title quoted verbatim). <span class=\"cs-quellen__beleg\">Supports: drying of granules because too high a residual water content in the melt leads to hydrolysis, with a grade-dependent limit; factors influencing moisture uptake; different uptake of PA6 and PA66; increase in toughness through moisture uptake; moisture evening out after conditioning; dimensional change through swelling and post-mould shrinkage; the term \u201cdry as moulded\u201d (DAM). Manufacturer information for its own grades.<\/span><\/div><\/li><li id=\"quelle-10\"><span class=\"cs-quellen__nr\" data-vorlage>10<\/span><div><strong>condisystems.com<\/strong>, accessed 20 October 2026: pages on conditioning systems (processes offered) and contract conditioning (scope of service). Manufacturer information.<\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/div><\/div><div class=\"cs-kapitelleiste\" data-vorlage aria-label=\"Table of contents\"><div class=\"cs-kapitelleiste__bahn\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"cs-kapitelleiste__knopf\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"kapitelleiste-panel\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M8 6.5h12M8 12h12M8 17.5h12M4 6.5h.01M4 12h.01M4 17.5h.01\"\/><\/svg>Contents<\/button><span class=\"cs-kapitelleiste__aktuell\" aria-live=\"off\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"cs-kapitelleiste__panel\" id=\"kapitelleiste-panel\" hidden><nav class=\"cs-toc\" aria-label=\"Table of contents\"><ol><li><a href=\"#what-happens-during-conditioning\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span>What happens during conditioning<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#which-moisture-content-is-right\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span>Which moisture content is right<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#how-moisture-is-distributed-in-the-part\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span>How moisture is distributed in the part<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#which-conditioning-processes-exist\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span>Which conditioning processes exist<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#how-to-design-a-conditioning-process\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span>How to design a conditioning process<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#common-mistakes-in-conditioning-polyamide\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">06<\/span><span>Common mistakes in conditioning polyamide<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#how-to-verify-successful-conditioning\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\">07<\/span><span>How to verify successful conditioning<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#conclusion\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Conclusion<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Frequently asked questions<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#sources\"><span class=\"cs-toc__nr\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Sources<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6398","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"featured_image_src":{"landsacpe":false,"list":false,"medium":false,"full":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Polyamid konditionieren: Verfahren, Feuchtegehalt, Fehler<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Polyamid (PA6\/PA66) richtig konditionieren: Feuchteziele und Bezugsbasis, Verfahren, Prozessauslegung, typische Fehler und Pr\u00fcfung.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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